roulette, (from French: “small wheel”), gambling game in which players bet on which red or black numbered compartment of a 7️⃣ revolving wheel a small ball (spun in the opposite direction) will come to rest within. Bets are placed on a 7️⃣ table marked to correspond with the compartments of the wheel. It is played in casinos worldwide. Roulette is a banking 7️⃣ game, and all bets are placed against the bank—that is, the house, or the proprietor of the game. As a 7️⃣ big-time betting game, it has had its popularity superseded in the United States and the Caribbean islands by others, notably 7️⃣ craps, blackjack, and poker. Fanciful stories about the origin of roulette include its invention by the 17th-century French mathematician Blaise 7️⃣ Pascal, by a French monk, and by the Chinese, from whom it was supposedly transmitted to France by Dominican monks. 7️⃣ In reality, roulette was derived in France in the early 18th century from the older games hoca and portique, and 7️⃣ it is first mentioned under its current name in 1716 in Bordeaux. Following several modifications, roulette achieved its present layout 7️⃣ and wheel structure about 1790, after which it rapidly gained status as the leading game in the casinos and gambling 7️⃣ houses of Europe. During the years 1836 to 1933, roulette was banned in France.
Equipment The roulette table is composed of 7️⃣ two sections, the wheel itself and the betting layout, better known as the roulette layout. There are two styles of 7️⃣ roulette tables. One has a single betting layout with the roulette wheel at one end, and the other has two 7️⃣ layouts with the wheel in the centre. The wheel spins horizontally. Heading the layout design, which is printed on green 7️⃣ baize, is a space containing the figure 0 (European style) or the figures 0 and 00 (American style, although such 7️⃣ wheels were used also in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries). The main portion of the design is composed 7️⃣ of 36 consecutively numbered rectangular spaces, alternately coloured red and black and arranged in three columns of 12 spaces each, 7️⃣ beginning with 1 at the top and concluding with 36 at the bottom. Directly below the numbers are three blank 7️⃣ spaces (on some layouts these are marked “2 to 1” and are located on the players’ side of the table). 7️⃣ On either side of these or along one side of the columns are rectangular spaces marked “1st 12,” “2nd 12,” 7️⃣ and “3rd 12” on American-style layouts. On European-style layouts these terms are “12p” (première), “12m” (milieu), and “12d” (dernière douzaine). 7️⃣ Six more spaces are marked “red” (rouge), “black” (noir), “even” (pair), “odd” (impair), “1–18” (low, or manque), and “19–36” (high, 7️⃣ or passe). The roulette wheel consists of a solid wooden disk slightly convex in shape. Around its rim are metal 7️⃣ partitions known as separators or frets, and the compartments or pockets between these are called canoes by roulette croupiers. Thirty-six 7️⃣ of these compartments, painted alternately red and black, are numbered nonconsecutively from 1 to 36. On European-style wheels a 37th 7️⃣ compartment, painted green, carries the sign 0, and on American wheels two green compartments on opposite sides of the wheel 7️⃣ carry the signs 0 and 00. The wheel, its spindle perfectly balanced, spins smoothly in an almost frictionless manner. The 7️⃣ standard roulette table employs up to 10 sets of wheel checks (usually called chips). Each set is differently coloured; each 7️⃣ traditionally consists of 300 chips; and there is one set for each player. The chips usually have a single basic 7️⃣ value, although some casinos also sell chips of lesser value. The colour of the chips indicates the player, not the 7️⃣ value of the chips. If a player wishes to buy chips of slightly higher value, the croupier places a marker 7️⃣ indicating that value on top of the table’s stack of chips of the colour corresponding to the chips purchased. Most 7️⃣ casinos also have high-value chips that can be wagered at any gaming table. Unlike roulette chips, these have their numbered 7️⃣ values printed on them. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now
Bets It is possible 7️⃣ to place the following bets in roulette: (1) straight, or single-number (en plein), in which the chips are placed squarely 7️⃣ on one number of the layout, including 0 (and also 00 on American layouts), so that the chips do not 7️⃣ touch any of the lines enclosing the number; a winning single-number bet pays 35 to 1 (for each unit bet, 7️⃣ a winning player receives his original bet and 35 matching units); (2) split, or 2-number (à cheval), in which the 7️⃣ chips are placed on any line separating any two numbers; if either wins, payoff odds are 17 to 1; (3) 7️⃣ street, or 3-number (transversale pleine), in which the chips are placed on the outside line of the layout, betting the 7️⃣ three numbers opposite the chips; payoff odds on any of the three numbers are 11 to 1; (4) square, quarter, 7️⃣ corner, or 4-number (en carré), in which the chips are placed on the intersection of the lines between any four 7️⃣ numbers; payoff odds are 8 to 1; (5) line, or 6-number (sixaine or transversale six), in which the chips are 7️⃣ placed on the intersection of the sideline and a line between two “streets”; payoff odds are 5 to 1; (6) 7️⃣ column (colonne), or 12-number, in which the chips are placed on one of the three blank spaces (some layouts have 7️⃣ three squares, marked “1st,” “2nd,” and “3rd”) at the bottom of the layout, thus betting the 12 numbers above the 7️⃣ space; payoff odds are 2 to 1; (7) dozens (douzaine), or 12-number, in which the chips are placed on one 7️⃣ of the spaces of the layout marked “12,” betting the numbers 1–12, 13–24, or 25–36; payoff odds are 2 to 7️⃣ 1; (8) low-number or high-number, in which the chips are placed on the layout space marked “1–18” (manque) or on 7️⃣ the space marked “19–36” (passe); payoff is even money; (9) black or red, in which the chips are placed on 7️⃣ a space of the layout marked “black” (noir) or on a space marked “red” (rouge; some layouts have a large 7️⃣ black or red diamond-shaped design instead of the words); payoff is even money; (10) odd-number or even-number, in which the 7️⃣ chips are placed on the space of the layout marked “odd” (impair) or on the space marked “even” (pair); payoff 7️⃣ is even money. On layouts with a single zero (European style), the 0 may be included in a 2-number bet 7️⃣ with any adjoining number, in a 3-number bet with 1 and 2 or with 2 and 3, and in a 7️⃣ 4-number bet with 1, 2, and 3 at the regular odds for these bets. With the American-style 0 and 00, 7️⃣ a 5-number line bet also is possible, the player placing his chips on the corner intersection of the line separating 7️⃣ the 1, 2, 3 from the 0 and 00, with payoff odds of 6 to 1.
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